, or suppress it along with the arts
and manufactures which nourish it, in order that only a population of
agriculturists and soldiers may be left in France.[41137]

The second advantage and the second crime of the notables is superiority
of education. "In all respectable assemblages," writes a Dutch traveler
in 1795,[41138] "you may be sure that one-half of those present have
been in prison. Add the absent, the guillotined, the exiled, emigres,
the deported, and note this, that, in the other favored half, those
who did not quaff the prison cup had had a foretaste of it for, each
expected daily to receive his warrant of arrest; "the worst thing under
Robespierre, as several old gentlemen have told me, was that one never
knew in the morning whether one would sleep in one's own bed at night."
There was not a well-bred man who did not live in dread of this; examine
the lists of "suspects," of the arrested, of exiles, of those
executed, in any town, district or department,[41139] and you will
see immediately, through their quality and occupations, first, that
three-quarters of the cultivated are inscribed on it, and next,
that intellectual culture in itself is suspect. "They were equally
criminal,"[41140] write the Strasbourg administrators, "whether rich
or cultivated.... The (Jacobin) municipality declared the University
federalist; it proscribed public instruction and, consequently, the
professors, regents, and heads of schools, with all instructors, public
as well as private, even those provided with certificates of civism,
were arrested;.... every Protestant minister and teacher in the
Lower-Rhine department was incarcerated, with a threat of being
transferred to the citadel at Besancon."--Fourcroy, in the Jacobin Club
at Paris, excusing himself for being a savant, for giving lectures on
chemistry, for not devoting his time to the rantings of the Convention
and of the clubs, is obliged to declare that he is poor, that he lives
by his work, that he supports "his father, a sans-culotte, and his
sans-culotte sisters;" although a good republican, he barely escapes,
and the same with others like him. All educated men were persecuted," he
states a month after Thermidor 9;[41141] "to have acquaintances, to be
literary, sufficed for arrest, as an aristocrat.... Robespierre... with
devilish ingenuity, abused, calumniated and overwhelmed with gall and
bitterness all who were devoted to serious studies, all who professed
extensiv