rs; founders, braziers, and pin-makers; master-locksmiths,
ironmongers, tinsmiths and other metal workers, vinegar-makers,
master-shearers, master rope-makers, master-tanners, dealers
and master-dyers and dressers; master saddle and harness-makers,
charcoal-burners, carters, paper-makers and band-box-makers, cap-makers
and associates in arts and trades.--In some towns one or two of these
natural guilds kept up during the Revolution and still exist, as, for
example, that of the butchers at Limoges.]

[Footnote 4183: F. Leplay, "Les Ouvriers Europeens," V., 456, 2nd ed.,
(on workmen's guilds), Charpentier, Paris.]

[Footnote 4184: F. Leplay, "Les Quvriers Europeens," (2nd ed.) IV., 377,
and the monographs of four families (Bordier of Lower Brittany, Brassier
of Armagnac, Savonnier of Lower Provence, Paysan of Lavedan, ch. 7,
8 and 9).--Ibid., "L'Organization de la Famille," p.62, and the whole
volume.--M. Leplay, in his exact, methodical and profound researches,
has rendered a service of the highest order to political science and,
consequently, to history. He has minutely observed and described the
scattered fragments of the old organization of society; his analysis
and comparison of these fragments shows the thickness and extent of the
stratum almost gone, to which they belonged. My own observations on the
spot, in many provinces in France, as well as the recollections of my
youth, agree with M. Leplay's discoveries.--On the stable, honest
and prosperous families of small rural proprietors, Cf. Ibid., p. 68,
(Arthur Young's observation in Bearn), and p.75. Many of these families
existed in 1789, more of them than at the present time, especially
in Gascony, Languedoc, Auvergne, Dauphiny, Franch-Comte, Alsace and
Normandy.--Ibid., "L'Organization du Travail," pp.499, 503, 508.
(Effects of the "Code Civile" on the transmission of a manufactory and
a business establishment in France, and on cultivation in Savoy; the
number of suits in France produced by the system of forced partition of
property.)]

[Footnote 4185: F. Leplay, "L'Organization de la Famille," p.212.
(History of the Melonga family from 1856 to 1869 by M. Cheysson.) Also
p.269. (On the difficulty of partitions among ascendants, by M. Claudio
Jannet.)]

[Footnote 4186: Retif de la Bretonne, "Vie de mon Pere," (paternal
authority in a peasant family in Burgundy). The reader, on this point,
may test the souvenirs of his grand-parents. With reference to the
bou