ncient Regime," pp. 163, 300.]

[Footnote 4152: Morellet, "Memoires," I., 166. (Letter by Roederer to
Beccaria's daughter, May 20, 1797).]

[Footnote 4153: Beccaria (Cesare Bonesana, marquis de) (Milan 1738--id.
1794). Italian jurist, whose "Traite des delits et des peines" (1764)
contributed to the reforms and the softening of of European penal law.
(SR)]

[Footnote 4154: Mallet-Dupan, "Memoires," II., 493. "While the Duke of
Orleans was undergoing his examination he read a newspaper."--Ibid.,
497. "Nobody died with more firmness, spirit and dignity than the
Duke of Orleans. He again became a royal prince. On being asked in the
revolutionary tribunal whether he had any defense to make, he replied,
'Rather die to-day than to-morrow: deliberate about it.'" His request
was granted.--The Duc de Biron refused to escape, considering that,
in such a dilemma, it was not worth while. "He passed his time in bed,
drinking Bordeaux wine.... Before the tribunal, they asked his name and
he replied, 'Cabbage, turnip, Biron, as you like, one is as good as the
other.' 'How!' exclaimed the judges, 'you are insolent!' 'And you--you
are windbags! I Come to the point; Guillotine, that is all you have
to say, while I have nothing to say.'" Meanwhile they proceeded to
interrogate him on his pretended treachery in Vendee, etc. "'You do not
know what you are talking about! You ignoramuses know nothing about war!
Stop your questions. I reported at the time to the Committee of Public
Safety, which approved of my conduct. Now, it has changed and ordered
you to take my life. Obey, and lose no more time.' Biron asked pardon of
God and the King. Never did he appear better than on the (executioner's)
cart."]

[Footnote 4155: Morellet, II., 31.-"Memoires de la Duchesse de Tourzel,"
"de Mlle. des Echerolles," etc.-Beugnot, "Memoires, I., 200-203. "The
wittiest remarks, the most delicate allusions, the most brilliant
repartees were exchanged on each side of the grating. The conversation
was general, without any subject being dwelt on. There, misfortune was
treated as if it were a bad child to be laughed at, and, in fact, they
did openly make sport of Marat's divinity, Robespierre's sacerdoce
and the magistracy of Fouquier. They seemed to say to all these bloody
menials: 'You may slaughter us when you please, but you cannot hinder
us in being aimable'"-Archives Nationales, F.7, 31167. (Report by the
watchman, Charmont, Nivose 29, year II.) "The peopl