Problem, Houghton, Mifflin & Company, two volumes, 1903.

Togel, O., Brezina, E., and Durig, A.: _Ueber die kohlenhydratsparende
Wirkung des Alkohols_, Biochem. Ztschr., 1913, I, 296; Editorial, Jour.
A. M. A., 1913, LXI, p. 967.

Williams, Henry Smith: _Alcohol, How it Affects the Individual, the
Community and the Race_, The Century Company, New York, 1909.

Woods, Robert A.: _The Prevention of Inebriety: Community Action_,
Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Congress on Hygiene and
Demography, Washington, 1912, IV, p. 517.

#Additional Notes on Alcohol#

[Sidenote: Nutrition Laboratory Experiments]

There has lately been undertaken at the Nutrition Laboratory of the
Carnegie Institution at Washington a very broad and comprehensive study
of the effect of moderate doses of alcohol on the healthy and normal
human body. The immense scope of the investigation planned may be judged
by the fact that under the physiological division of the research, as
laid out by Professors Raymond Dodge and E. C. Benedict, there are seven
main sections and one hundred and sixty subdivisions. The program has
been arranged after conferences, either in person or by letter, with the
leading physiologists of the world, and may take ten years to complete.

[Sidenote: Psychological Effects]

The psychological program, carried out with the co-operation of Dr. F.
Lyman Wells, has already been completed and the results recently
published.[34] These results must be accepted as the testimony of pure
science, free from all bias or even remote suggestion of propaganda.
They were based upon experiments with moderate doses of alcohol
(30 cubic centimeters, or about 8 teaspoonfuls, and 45 cubic
centimeters) upon ten normal subjects, very moderate users of alcohol,
and may be summarized as follows:

[Sidenote: Lower Levels Spinal Cord]

A very simple reflex act, the "knee-jerk," a nervous mechanism
controlled by a center at the lower level of the spinal cord, was
markedly depressed, the time of response being increased 10 per cent.
and the thickening of the muscles concerned in the act decreased
45 per cent. In some subjects the larger dose, 45 cubic centimeters,
practically abolished the knee-jerk.

The eye-lid reflex, elicited by a sudden noise, showed the next largest
effect, the time of response being increased 7 per cent. and the degree
of movement decreased 19 per cent.

[Sidenote: Higher Levels]

Other nervous mechanisms, or