ontreal. How do we manage about them?

_P._--By using the canals.

_T._--How can we ship by rail?

_P._--By using the Grand Trunk or the Canadian Pacific Railway.

_T._--Now, I shall have to tell you something about the canals and
the first railway from Upper Canada. There were several canals
already built on the St. Lawrence: the Lachine, Welland, and
others. In fact, we had spent about $1,500,000 on canals before
Confederation. The Grand Trunk Railway was running from Sarnia to
Quebec city by 1856, just eleven years before Confederation. (Have
a pupil trace the line from Sarnia to Quebec, so that the class may
see how much of Upper Canada was served by the Grand Trunk.) Can
you tell me now what place on the St. Lawrence would be taken as
the western terminus of the new railway?

_P._--Yes, Quebec would be the one.

_T._--Why?

_P._--Because the people of Upper Canada had ways already for
sending their goods as far as Quebec city.

_T._--The next point to think about is--How had Canada been
shipping her goods across the sea in winter before this?

(Several suggestions were made. "We would have to keep everything
till the next summer." "We would have to use ice-boats." Objections
were raised to these methods to show that they were impossible.
Finally one pupil thought that we could send our freight through
the United States.)

_T._--Well, why did the people not continue doing that, instead of
wanting to build a railway of their own?

_P._--The United States would likely make them pay for doing it.

_T._--Let me explain about that. In 1854, a treaty had been made
between Canada and the United States, called the Reciprocity
Treaty, by which the two countries exchanged their goods freely.
This treaty was ended in 1866, and the people of Canada had to
depend more on themselves. Besides, there was a good deal of
trouble between Britain and the United States, arising out of the
Civil War in the latter country, which had just ended. (The pupils
are told here about the "Trent" and "Alabama" affairs, and the
Fenian raids of 1866.) The people at that time were afraid that
there might be war between the two countries and, of course, that
would bring Canada into the trouble. Do you see now why a railway
was needed from Quebec