ental science is simply the summing-up of many diverse
experiences, freely attempted, freely discussed and verified. Through
the forced results of the university monopoly there are no actual
universities: among other results of the Napoleonic institution, one
could after 1808 note, the decadence of pedagogy and foresee its early
demise. Neither parents, nor masters nor the young cared anything about
it; outside of the system in which they live they imagine nothing; they
are accustomed to it the same as to the house in which they dwell. They
may grumble sometimes at the arrangement of the rooms, the low stories
and narrow staircases, against bad lighting, ventilation and want of
cleanliness, against the exactions of the proprietor and concierge; but,
as for transforming the building, arranging it otherwise, reconstructing
it in whole or in part, they never think of it. For, in the first place,
they have no plan; and next, the house is too large and its parts too
well united; through its mass and size it maintains itself and would
still remain indefinitely if, all at once, in 1848, an unforeseen
earthquake had not made breaches in its walls.

II. Educational monopoly of Church and State.

Law of 1850 and freedom of instruction.--Its apparent object
and real effects.--Alliance of Church and State.--The real
monopoly.--Ecclesiastical control of the University until
1859.--Gradual rupture of the Alliance.--The University
again becomes secular.--Lay and clerical interests.
--Separation and satisfaction of both interests down to 1876.
--Peculiarity of this system.--State motives for taking the
upper hand.--Parents, in fact, have no choice between two
monopolies.--Original and forced decline of private
institutions.--Their ruin complete after 1850 owing to the
too-powerful and double competition of Church and State.
--The Church and the State sole surviving educators.
--Interested and doctrinal direction of the two educational
systems.--Increasing divergence in both directions.--Their
effect on youth.

The day after the 24th of February 1848,[6328] M. Cousin, meeting M.
de Remusat on the quay Voltaire, raised his arms towards heaven and
exclaimed:

"Let us hurry and fall on our knees in front of the bishops--they alone
can save us now!"

While M. Thiers, with equal vivacity, in the parliamentary committee
exclaimed: "Cousin, Cousin, do you c