and it is she who works the machine
rather than the State. In sum, under the name, the show, and the
theoretical proclamation of liberty for all, the University monopoly
is reorganized, if not by law, at least in fact, and in favor of the
Church.

Towards 1859, and after the war in Italy, regarding the Pope and
the temporal power, the hands which were joined now let go and then
separate; there is a dissolution of partnership; their interests cease
to agree. Two words are coined, both predestined to great fortune, on
the one side the "secular" interest and on the other side the "clerical"
interest; henceforth, the government no longer subordinates the former
to the latter and, under the ministry of M. Duruy, the direction of the
University becomes frankly secular. Consequently, the entire educational
system, in gross and in its principal features, is to resemble, until
1876, that of the of July.[6334] For sixteen years, the two great
teaching powers, the spiritual and the temporal, unable to do better,
are to support each other but act apart, each on its own ground and each
in its own way; only the Church no longer acts through the toleration
and gracious permission of the University, but through the legal
abolition of the monopoly and by virtue of a written law. The whole
composes a passable regime, less oppressive than those that preceded it;
in any event, the two millions of devout Catholics who consider unbelief
as a terrible evil, the fathers and mothers who subordinate instruction
to education,[6335] and desire above all things to preserve the faith
of their children up to adult age, now find in the ecclesiastical
establishments well-run hothouses and protected against draughts of
modernity. One urgent need of the first order,[6336] legitimate, deeply
felt by many men and especially by women, has received satisfaction;
parents who do not experience this want, place their children in the
lycees; in 1865, in the smaller seminaries and other ecclesiastical
schools there are 54,000 pupils and in the State colleges and lycees
64,000,[6337] which two bodies balance each other.

But even that is a danger. For, naturally, the teaching State finds with
regret that its clients diminish; it does not view the rival favorably
which takes away so many of its pupils. Naturally also, in case of an
electoral struggle, the Church favors the party which favors it, the
effect of which is to expose it to ill-will and, in case of polit