rts, "the forms
and direction of the education of children should be restored to the
authority of fathers and mothers, tutors and families."[6302] Simply
a prospectus and an advertisement by the new pedagogue who installs
himself and thus, by soothing words, tries to conciliate parents. After
a partial sketch and an ordinance quickly repealed,[6303] the rulers
discover that the University of Napoleon is a very good reigning tool,
much better than that of which they had the management previous to 1789,
much easier handled and more serviceable. It is the same with all social
tools sketched out and half-fashioned by the Revolution and completed
and set a-going by the Consulate and the Empire; each is constructed
"by reason," "according to principles," and therefore its mechanism is
simple; its pieces all fit into each other with precision; they transmit
throughout exactly the impulsion received and thus operate at one
stroke, with uniformity, instantaneously, with certitude, oil all parts
of the territory; the lever which starts the machine is central and,
throughout its various services, the new rulers hold this lever in hand.
Apropos of local administration, the Duc d'Angouleme said in 1815,[6304]
"We prefer the departments to the provinces." In like manner, the
government of the restored monarchy prefers the imperial University,
sole, unique, coherent, disciplined and centralized, to the old
provincial universities, the old scattered, scholastic institution,
diverse, superintended rather than governed, to every school
establishment more or less independent and spontaneous.

In the first place, it gains thereby a vast staff of salaried
dependents, the entire teaching staff,[6305] on which it has a hold
through its favors or the reverse through ambition and the desire for
promotion, through fear of dismissal and concern for daily bread. At
first, 22,000 primary teachers, thousands of professors, directors,
censors, principals, regents and subordinates in the 36 lycees, 368
colleges and 1255 institutions and boarding-schools. After this, many
hundreds of notable individuals, all the leading personages of each
university circumscription, the administrators of 28 academies, the
professors of the 23 literary faculties, of the 10 faculties of the
sciences, of the 9 faculties of law, and of the 3 faculties of
medicine. Add to these, the savants of the College de France and Ecole
Polytechnique, every establishment devoted to hig