ially trained to render certain
services or to excel in particular industries--by this means each tribe
gradually became identified with its special industry or aptitude. The
necessity that the supply of their produce should be constant and regular,
must have necessitated the permanent maintenance of a fixed number of
workers at each branch of industry, a fact which would give rise to rigid
laws controlling the liberty of the individual, forcing children to adopt
their parents' avocations and forbidding intermarriages between persons of
different provinces. As scattered mention is made of the following general
classification of the male population, I venture to note them as follows,
provisionally:

Nobility: Commoners.

1. lords: shepherds (of lamas),
2. priests: hunters,
3. warriors: farmers,
4. civil governors: artificers.

The female population was doubtlessly subdivided in an analogous manner,
for it is expressly recorded that all marriageable girls were kept in four
different houses. Those of the first class, qualified as "the white
virgins," were dedicated to the service of the Creator, the Sun and the
Inca; the second were given in marriage to the nobility; the third class
married the Curacas or civil governors, and the last were qualified as
"black," and pertained to the lower classes.

Caste division was never lost sight of--indeed one Inca went so far as to
order that all the people of the Below "should flatten the heads of their
children, so that they should be long and sloping from the front." Thus
they should ever be distinguishable from the nobility and "yield them
obedience." Although it is not expressly stated, it may be inferred from
actual specimens of skulls which have been found that, in some localities,
in order to differentiate the two classes still more, members of the
nobility strove to mould the heads of their children in a high peak, so
that they too should perpetually bear the mark of their rank. Whether such
a procedure would exert a correspondingly elevating or abasing influence
upon the intellectual development of the two classes is a problem for
anthropologists.

A very simple explanation of the reason why artificial deformation of the
skull was ever adopted, is obtainable when the all-powerful dominion of a
certain set of ideas is recognized. Many other customs, still in practice
amongst American tribes, are likewise explained by the arbitrary division
of population into classes an