uch farther
west than it is now, and so in all probability many refuse heaps are
now underneath the waves. From certain drawings that are found in some
French caves, we know they were used for hunting both seals and whales.

We can not doubt that the capture of a whale afforded as much enjoyment
to them as it does to a tribe of Eskimos now. Bones of birds and fishes
are found in many instances. The salmon appears to have been a favorite
among fishes. Among the birds are found some species now only living in
cold countries, such as the snowy owl, willow grouse, and flamingo. This
is but another proof that the climate of Europe was then very cold.

Illustration of Whale and Seal, Incised on Bone.------------

The Cave-men were not afraid to attack animals greatly superior to
them in strength. In the Hohlefels Cave in Germany were found great
quantities of the broken and split bones of cave bears, an animal very
similar to the grizzly, and probably its equal in strength. The reindeer
was the main reliance of these tribes. Its bones are found in great
abundance, and it doubtless was to them all it is to the Lapps of Europe
to-day, except, of course, that it was not domesticated.

Though fire would naturally suggest some rude method of cooking, we can
scarcely find a trace of such operations, and it has been a matter of
conjecture how they proceeded. Sir John Lubbock thinks they boiled
their food, and in the absence of pottery used wooden or skin vessels,
bringing the water to a boiling point by means of stones heated red
hot and thrown into the water. He points out the presence of peculiarly
shaped stones found in some caves, which he thinks were used for this
purpose.<19> It is not supposed they had any articles of pottery during
this epoch. This is quite an important point, because a knowledge of
pottery marks an important epoch in the culture of a people.

Illustration of Cave Bear, Incised on Slate.-----------------

A people possessed of this knowledge have passed from Savagism into the
lower status of Barbarism.<20> A piece of pottery is as little liable
to destruction as a piece of bone, and so, had those people possessed
pottery, there is no reason why pieces of it should not be found in
every refuse heap, and amongst the _debris_ of all caves. But such is
not the case; no fragments of pottery have yet been found which can be
referred with confidence to the epoch of the Cave-men.<21>

Some speculations h