e in the animal
world of Europe during these two epochs. Many different species of
animals characteristic of the Paleolithic Age vanished as completely
from Europe as the rude tribes that hunted them, before the appearance
of Neolithic tribes. But little change in the fauna of England has taken
place in the last two thousand years. So it is obvious that the great
change above-mentioned demands many centuries for its accomplishment.
Huge animals of the elephant kind, such as the mammoth, no longer
crashed through the underbrush, or wallowed in the lakes. The roars of
lions and tigers, that haunted the caves of early Europe, were no
longer heard.<4> In short, there had disappeared forever from Europe the
distinctly southern animals that diversified the fauna of Paleolithic
times. Even the Arctic animals were banished to northern latitudes, or
mountain heights.

We have dwelt to some length on the proofs of a long-extended time
between these two ages. The more we reflect on these instances the more
impressed are we with a sense of duration vast and profound, in which
the great forests and grassy plains of Europe supported herds of wild
animals all unvexed by the presence of man. We will only mention one
more point and then pass on.

We have seen that the highest rank we can assign to Paleolithic man
in the scale of civilization is Upper Savagism. But when Neolithic man
appeared, he was in the middle status of Barbarism. The time, therefore,
between the disappearance of Paleolithic man and the arrival of
Neolithic man was long enough to enable primitive man to pass one entire
ethnical period, that of Lower Barbarism. But this requires a very long
period of time, probably several times as long as the entire series of
years since Civilization first appeared, which is supposed to be in the
neighborhood of five thousand years ago.<5>

We must now turn our attention to Neolithic man himself and learn what
we can of his culture, and discover, if possible, what race it was that
spread over Europe after it had been for so long a time an uninhabitable
country. A few remarks by way of introduction will not be considered
amiss.

We are learning that tribal organization, implying communism in living,
is characteristic of prehistoric people.<6> Tribal organization sufficed
to advance man to the very confines of civilization. We have no doubt
but that this was the state of society amongst the Neolithic people. But
this implies livin