any measure passed by three successive legislatures acquired,
without the royal sanction, the force of law. Fiscal measures might
not be vetoed at all. The king was given no power to prorogue or to
dissolve the legislative chamber, and without the assent of that body
no proclamation of war, and no treaty, was valid. To it the ministers
in charge of the six executive departments were made absolutely
responsible. In conformity with prevailing ideas of the sovereignty of
the people and the separation of powers, provision was made that all
judges should be elected popularly, as also all local administrative
authorities.[422]

[Footnote 420: A constitutional committee of five
had been appointed the previous July 14; but, its
recommendation proving unacceptable to the
Assembly, it had resigned, September 11.]

[Footnote 421: Of the whole number of deputies, 247
were apportioned according to departmental areas
and 249 according each to population and tax
quotas.]

[Footnote 422: The texts of all French
constitutions and fundamental laws since 1789 are
printed in several collections, of which the best
is L. Duguit et H. Monnier, Les constitutions et
les principales lois politiques de la France depuis
1789 (Paris, 1898). Other serviceable collections
are F. Helie, Les constitutions de la France
(Paris, 1880) and E. Pierre, Organisation des
pouvoirs publics; recueil des lois
constitutionnelles et organiques (Paris, 1902). For
English versions see F. M. Anderson, The
Constitutions and other Select Documents
illustrative of the History of France, 1789-1907
(2d ed., Minneapolis, 1908). The various
constitutions are excellently summarized in M.
Block, Dictionnaire general de la politique, 2
vols. (Paris, 1884), I., 494-518. For the text of
the constitution of 1791 see Duguit et Monnier,
1-35; Helie, 268-294; Anderson, 58-95. For summary,
Block, I., 494-497. Dupriez, Les Ministres, II.,
253