the United Kingdom
are C. Noel, The Labour Party, What it is, and What
it wants (London, 1906) and A. W. Humphrey, A
History of Labor Representation (London, 1912). See
E. Porritt, The British Socialist Labor Party, in
_Political Science Quarterly_, Sept., 1908, and The
British Labor Party in 1910, ibid., June, 1910; M.
Alfassa, Le parti ouvrier au parlement anglais, in
_Annales des Sciences Politiques_, Jan. 15, 1908;
H. W. Horwill, The Payment of Labor Representatives
in Parliament, in _Political Science Quarterly_,
June, 1910; J. K. Hardie, The Labor Movement, in
_Nineteenth Century_, Dec, 1906; and M. Hewlett,
The Labor Party of the Future, in _Fortnightly
Review_, Feb., 1910. Two books of value on English
socialism are J. E. Barker, British Socialism; an
Examination of its Doctrines, Policy, Aims, and
Practical Proposals (London, 1908) and H. O.
Arnold-Foster, English Socialism of To-day (London,
1908).]

CHAPTER VIII (p. 167)

JUSTICE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

I. ENGLISH LAW

The preponderating principle in the governmental system of Great
Britain to-day is the rule of law, which means, in effect, two things:
first, that no man may be deprived of liberty or property save on
account of a breach of the law proved in one of the ordinary courts
and, second, that no man stands above the law and that for every
violation of the law some reparation may be obtained, whatever the
station or character of the offender.[239] Upon these fundamental
guarantees has been erected through the centuries a fabric of personal
liberty which lends the British nation one of its principal
distinctions. The influence of English concepts and forms of law has
counted for much, furthermore, in the shaping of continental legal
systems; and outside of Europe, and especially in the English-speaking
countries of both hemispheres, the law of England has been, within
modern times, much the most universal and decisive formative agency in
legal development.

[Footnote 239: The only exception to this general