1881); and H. Broom
and E. A. Hadley, Commentaries on the Laws of
England, 4 vols. (London, 1869). A recent treatise
by a German authority is J. Hatschek, Englisches
Staatsrecht mit Beruecksichtigung der fuer Schottland
und Irland geltenden Sonderheiten (Tuebingen, 1905).
An incisive work is A. V. Dicey, Law and Public
Opinion in England in the Nineteenth Century
(London, 1905). A good single volume history of the
law is E. Jenks, Short History of the English Law
(Boston, 1912). A satisfactory introduction to both
the history and the character of the law is W. M.
Geldart, Elements of English Law (London and New
York, 1912). Another is F. W. Maitland, Outlines of
English Legal History, in Collected Papers
(Cambridge, 1911), II., 417-496. Other excellent
introductory treatises are Maitland, Lectures on
Equity (Cambridge, 1909), and C. S. Kenny, Outlines
of Criminal Law (New York, 1907). Maitland's
article on English Law in the Encyclopaedia
Britannica, IX., 600-607, is valuable for its
brevity and its clearness. On the English
conception of law and the effects thereof see
Lowell, Government of England, II., Chaps. 61-62.
The character and forms of the statute law are
sketched to advantage in C. P. Ilbert, Legislative
Methods and Forms (Oxford, 1901), 1-76.]

II. THE INFERIOR COURTS (p. 170)

*177. The Hierarchy of Tribunals.*--In the majority of continental
countries a distinction is drawn between ordinary law and what is
known as administrative law, i.e., the body of rules governing the
conduct of public officials and, more particularly, the adjudication
of disputes between these officials, in their public capacity, and
private citizens. This differentiation of law entails customarily the
maintenance of administrative courts, separate from the ordinary
tribunals, in which administrative cases are heard and decided. In
Great Britain, however, there is no such thing as administrative law,
an