the states, or some of them, raised protest against
this centralizing tendency, and especially against the "Prussianization"
of the Empire which it seems clearly to involve. In many states,
especially those to the south of the Main, the separatist tradition is
still very strong. In Bavaria, more than anywhere else, is this true,
and in 1903 the new Bavarian premier, Baron Podevils, was able to
arouse genuine enthusiasm for his government by a solemn declaration
before the diet that he and his colleagues would combat with all their
might "any attempt to shape the future of the Empire on lines other
than the federative basis laid down in the Imperial constitution."

*215. The Interlacing of Governmental Agencies.*--The functions of a
legislative character which are delegated to the Imperial government
are numerous and comprehensive, and in practice they tend all the
while to be increased. Those of an executive and judicial character
are very much more restricted. In respect to foreign relations, the
navy, and the postal and telegraph service, administration is
absolutely centralized in the organs of the Empire; in respect to
everything else, administrative functions are performed entirely, or
almost entirely, through the agency of the states. In the United
States the federal government is essentially complete within itself.
It has its own law-makers, administrators, and judges, who carry on
the national government largely independently of the governing agencies
of the various states. In Germany, where the state occupies in (p. 207)
some respects a loftier position in the federation than does its
counterpart in America, the central government, in respect to all save
the fields that have been mentioned, relies for the execution of its
measures upon the officials of the states. The Empire establishes
taxes and customs duties, but the imposts are collected by state
authorities. Similarly, justice is rendered, not in the name of the
Empire, but in the name of the state, and by judges in the employ of
the state. In respect to machinery, the Imperial government is,
therefore, but a part of a government. Alone, it could not be made to
operate. It lacks a judiciary; likewise the larger portion of the
administrative agencies without which mere powers of legislative
enactment are futile. To put the matter succinctly, the working
government of the Empire comprises far more than the organs and
functions that are purely Imperial;