an in 1943 and at
Yalta in 1945.

* * * * *

But who made the decision to isolate Berlin 110 miles deep inside
communist-controlled territory without any agreements concerning access
routes by which the Western Powers could get to the city? According to
Arthur Krock, of the _New York Times_, George F. Kennan, (a member of
the Council on Foreign Relations) persuaded Roosevelt to accept the
Berlin zoning arrangement. Kennan, at the time, was political adviser to
Ambassador John G. Winant, who was the United States Representative on
the three-member European Advisory Commission.

Mr. Krock's account (in the _New York Times_, June 18, 1961 and July 2,
1961) is rather involved; but here is the essence of it:

President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill agreed to enclose
Berlin 110 miles within the Soviet occupation zone. Winant
submitted a recommendation, embracing this agreement. Winant felt
that it would offend the Soviets if we asked for guaranteed access
routes, and believed that guarantees were unnecessary anyway. When
submitting his recommendation to Washington, however, Winant
attached a map on which a specific allied corridor of access into
the city was drawn.

Winant's proposal was never acted on in Washington. Therefore, the
British submitted a recommendation. Roosevelt rejected the British
plan, and made his own proposal. The British and Soviets disliked
Roosevelt's plan; and negotiations over the zoning of Berlin were
deadlocked.

George F. Kennan broke the deadlock by going directly to Roosevelt
and persuading him to accept the Berlin zoning agreement, which Mr.
Krock calls a "war-breeding monstrosity," and a "witless travesty
on statecraft and military competence."

Mr. Krock says most of his information came from one of Philip E.
Mosely's articles in an old issue of _Foreign Affairs_--which I have
been unable to get for my files. I cannot, therefore, guarantee the
authenticity of Mr. Krock's account; but I can certainly agree with his
conclusion that only Joseph Stalin and international communism
benefitted from the "incredible zoning agreements" that placed "Berlin
110 miles within the Soviet zone and reserved no guaranteed access
routes to the city from the British and American zones."

It is interesting to note that Philip E. Mosely (CFR member who was
Cordell Hull's adviser whe