who had been a member of this cabinet, desiring to ruin Calhoun
politically by turning Jackson's hostility against him, revealed to
Jackson what had taken place thirteen years before. Jackson could brook
no criticism from one whom he had considered a friend; Calhoun,
moreover, angered the president still further by his evident sanction of
the social proscription of Mrs Eaton (q.v.); the political views of the
two men, furthermore, were becoming more and more divergent, and the
rupture between the two became complete.

The failure of the Jackson administration to reduce the Tariff of 1828
drew from Calhoun his "Address to the People of South Carolina" in 1831,
in which he elaborated his views of the nature of the Union as given in
the "Exposition." In 1832 a new tariff act was passed, which removed the
"abominations" of 1828 but left the principle of protection intact. The
people of South Carolina were not satisfied, and Calhoun in a third
political tract, in the form of a letter to Governor James Hamilton
(1786-1857) of South Carolina, gave his doctrines their final form, but
without altering the fundamental principles that have already been
stated.

In 1832 South Carolina, acting in substantial accordance with Calhoun's
theories, "nullified" the tariff acts passed by Congress in 1828 and
1832 (see NULLIFICATION; SOUTH CAROLINA; and UNITED STATES). On the 28th
of December 1832 Calhoun resigned as vice-president, and on the 4th of
January 1833 took his seat in the Senate. President Jackson had, in a
special message, taken strong ground against the action of South
Carolina, and a bill was introduced to extend the jurisdiction of the
courts of the United States and clothe the president with additional
powers, with the avowed object of meeting the situation in South
Carolina. Calhoun, in turn, introduced resolutions upholding the
doctrine held by South Carolina, and it was in the debate on the
first-named measure, termed the "Force Bill," and on these resolutions,
that the first intellectual duel took place between Daniel Webster and
Calhoun. Webster declared that the Federal government through the
Supreme Court was the ultimate expounder and interpreter of its own
powers, while Calhoun championed the rights of the individual state
under a written contract which reserved to each state its sovereignty.

The practical result of the conflict over the tariff was a compromise.
Congress passed an act gradually reducing the du