. 185, but nothing is stated on the
subject.

See also section on Regular Peloria, Substitution, Pistillody of the
stamens, &c.

FOOTNOTES:

[190] See also Clos., 'Mem. Acad. Toulouse,' sixth ser., t. iii, pp.
294-305. Scott, 'Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh,' t. viii, p. 60. Wigand,
'Flora,' 1856, p. 707.

[191] Professor Dickson concludes from the examination of these
structures that the male cone, consisting of simple stamens developed on
one common axis, must be regarded as a simple male flower, while the
axillary scales of the female cone are by him compared with the
flattened shoots of _Ruscus_.

[192] 'Linnaea,' xiv, 367.

[193] Rev. Hortic.,' January, 1867.

[194] See Royle, 'Man. Materia Medica,' ed. 1, p. 567.

[195] Thomson, 'Gardener's Assistant,' p. 577.

[196] 'Variation of Animals and Plants,' i, 353.

[197] Babington, 'Ann. Nat. Hist.,' vol. ix, 1852, p. 156.

[198] 'Phys. der Gewaechse,' ii, p. 323.

[199] See also Schlechtendal, 'Linnaea,' viii, p. 623, and Lindley, 'Veg.
Kingd.,' p. 315.

[200] 'Bull. Soc. Bot. France,' vol. ix, p. 81.

[201] Cited in Henfrey, 'Bot. Gazette.' 3, p. 11.

[202] Baillon. 'Etudes du Groupe des Euphorbiacees,' p. 205, tab. xv,
fig. 19, tab. xix, fig. 31.

[203] See also Guillemin, 'Mem. Soc. Nat. Hist. Paris,' I, p. 16;
hermaphrodite flowers in _Euphorbia esula_.

[204] 'Prod. Flor. N. Holl.,' p. 242.

[205] 'Bot. Zeit.,' 1837, p. 335.

[206] 'Pflanz, Terat.,' von Moquin-Tandon, p. 208.

[207] Schnizlein, loc. cit.

[208] 'Bot. Mag.,' tab. 5160, fig. 4. See also 'Gard. Chron.,' 1860, pp.
146, 170; 1861, p. 1092.

[209] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1851, p. 499.

CHAPTER V.

ALTERATIONS IN THE DIRECTION OF ORGANS.

The deviations from the ordinary direction of organs partake for the
most part more of the nature of variations than of absolute malposition
or displacement. It must also be borne in mind how frequently the
direction of the leaves, or of the flower, varies according to the
stage of development which it has arrived at, to unequal or
disproportionate growth of some parts, or to the presence of some
impediment either accidental or resulting from the natural growth of the
plant. These and other causes tend to alter the direction of parts very
materially.

=Change in the direction of axile organs, roots, stems, &c.=--The roots
frequently exhibit good illustrations of the effect of the causes above
mentioned in altering the natural direction.