st India, annexed by Great Britain after a brilliant
campaign by Sir Charles Napier, with victories at Meanee and Hyderabad. A
revival of Mahratta resistance was crushed in December by Sir Hugh Gough
in the battle of Maharajpore. Natal proclaimed a British settlement, after
war with the Boers, who had set up a republic there. Some Boers submitted;
others migrated beyond the Drakensberg mountains. Daniel O'Connell, Irish
patriot, continuing his agitation for the repeal of the Act of Union, held
mammoth meetings, and was arrested on a charge of seditious conspiracy.
Free-trade movement grew in Great Britain, with Cobden and Bright leading.
"Rebecca" riots in Wales against toll-gates. Active demands in Hungary for
electoral and other changes favoring national interests of the Magyars.
Carlist struggle in Spain, after years of sporadic outbreaks, ended with
the assumption of power, by the young Queen Isabella, who swore to observe
constitutional rule.

Robert Southey, English poet; Dr. Hahnemann, founder of homeopathy;
Washington Allston, American artist; Francis Scott Key, author of "The
Star-Spangled Banner"; and Noah Webster, American lexicographer, died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year.=

1844

In the United States, the annexation of Texas was the chief political
topic. Tyler was a strong annexationist, but he failed during the year to
get a treaty through the Senate. The slavery question and questions of
keeping good faith with other countries were involved in the problem.
Henry Clay's political aspirations went to wreck because of his
vacillation concerning Texas. Anti-Mormon riots at Nauvoo, Illinois,
resulted in the death of Prophet Joseph Smith; Brigham Young became
leader. Samuel F.B. Morse, assisted by a Congressional grant of thirty
thousand dollars, constructed a successful telegraph line from Baltimore
to Washington. Copper and iron deposits discovered in Lake Superior
country. Dr. Horace Wells, of Hartford, Connecticut, discovered "laughing
gas." James Knox Polk elected President.

In Great Britain, Daniel O'Connell was sentenced to a heavy fine and to
imprisonment, but the judgment was reversed by the House of Lords. The
Repeal movement, which he had led, languished thereafter. The tractarian
agitation raised at Oxford. Gold discovered in South Australia. The
Y.M.C.A. founded by George Williams, in London.

Premature insurrection in Calabria, Italy, suppressed, and twenty leaders
executed.