various successes, stormed Chapultepec, took the
City of Mexico, and thus practically ended the war.

British subjects in China attacked; after several Chinese strongholds had
been captured more liberty was granted foreign residents. Maltreatment of
British subjects in Greece led Great Britain to send fleet to Piraeus,
seizing shipping to enforce claims. The Argentine Republic granted free
navigation of the La Plata River, and England and France withdrew their
blockading squadrons. In Algeria, Abd-el-Kadr surrendered to French
general, thus ending French war for the time. The Swiss Federal Diet
ordered Jesuits expelled from all cantons, and called upon the Sonderbund
("Separate League"), composed of four Catholic cantons, to dissolve; the
seceding cantons refused, civil war broke out, and after a brief campaign
and the capture of Freiburg by the Federalists the seceding cantons came
to terms; Jesuits expelled, monastic lands secularized, and Sonderbund
dissolved.

Prussia, Bavaria--where the ruler had alienated his people by his liaison
with Lola Montez--most of the other German states, France--where the
socialists, led by Louis Blanc, were active--Italy, Austria, and Hungary
demanded constitutional reforms. Prussian Landtag convened at Berlin and
began to consider the question of the separation of Schleswig and Holstein
from Denmark. Process of electro-silver plating was discovered by Rogers
Brothers, of Hartford, Connecticut.

Among persons of prominence who died were Daniel O'Connell, Irish leader;
Thomas Chalmers, Scotch theologian; Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, German
musician; Marshals Oudinot and Grouchy, of Napoleon's army; Marie Louise
of Austria, Napoleon's second wife.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year.=

1848

Peace treaty between the United States and Mexico. The war cost the United
States many million dollars and about thirteen thousand lives, and had
increased the bitterness between the anti-slavery and the pro-slavery
forces. The United States gained five hundred and twenty-three thousand
square miles of territory. James W. Marshall discovered gold about sixty
miles from what is now Sacramento, California, and a rush to the gold
fields began. Within two years more than one hundred thousand persons went
to California. Spiritualism made its appearance in the United States.
Wisconsin admitted to the Union.

Rebellion in Ireland, headed by John Mitchell and Smith O'Brien, quelled,
and leade