lved. A new Swiss constitution adopted, along the lines of
the United States constitution.

Revolution started in Paris, February 22; Guizot's ministry went out of
power; Thiers placed at head of affairs; soldiers joined in the rebellion;
Louis Philippe abdicated; provisional government reformed. Republic
proclaimed, February 27; blundering experiments in giving state help to
all who requested it led to serious disorder in Paris; Louis Napoleon
elected to the Assembly; new constitution November 12; Louis Napoleon
elected president of the republic, December 20.

Caroline Herschel, astronomer; Isaac d'Israeli, compiler; Captain
Frederick Marryat, English novelist; Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer;
John Quincy Adams, American statesman and ex-President; Lord Ashburton,
British statesman; Francois Rene de Chateaubriand, French poet; Frederick
Chopin, Polish musician; George Stephenson, English inventor and
railroad-builder; Joens Berzelius, Swedish chemist, died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year, except that France became a
Republic, with Louis Napoleon as President; and Francis Joseph succeeded
Ferdinand as Emperor of Austria.=

1849

General Zachary Taylor became President of the United States, saying, in
his inaugural: "We are at peace with all the world and the rest of
mankind." Department of the Interior created, and its secretary given a
place in the president's cabinet. Filibustering expeditions from the
United States against the Spaniards in Cuba forbidden by the President.
The name of the California town Yerba Buena changed to San Francisco;
California and other Western States rapidly opened to settlement by the
great rush of gold-seekers; California's first constitutional convention
declared against slavery.

Cholera epidemic in England. Lord Gough, in the war against the Sikhs, in
India, fought bloody and indecisive battle at Chillianwalla, in the
Punjab, and later at Guzerat broke the Sikh power after a prolonged
engagement; the Punjab annexed by England. Borneo pirates suppressed by
Sir James Brooke.

An attempt to form a republic in Rome and strip Pope of temporal power
frustrated by a French force, and Pius IX restored after a year in exile.
Continuance of war in Austria and Hungary; Hungary declared itself a free
state; Russia allied itself to Austria; Hungarians disastrously defeated
at Temesvar; Hungarian army under Goergey surrendered; Kossuth, Bem, and
other Hungarian leaders fled