to Turkey; Louis Batthyanyi captured and
executed by the Austrians; war ended; Hungary subdued.

Sardinians completely defeated by the Austrians at Novara; King Charles
Albert of Sardinia abdicated in favor of his son, Victor Emmanuel, dying
soon afterward. Renewal of war between Denmark and Schleswig and Holstein
and the Prussian allies of the two latter; various bloody battles fought,
victory, for the most part, resting with the Danes; armistice declared
July 10. Many of the minor German states urged King of Prussia to accept
imperial German crown; offer refused.

Intense industrial depression in Canada, and considerable sentiment for
annexation to United States. Parliamentary debates on an indemnity bill
for those who suffered property loss in rebellion of 1837-1838 caused
riots, and when the bill passed a mob burned the Parliament buildings at
Montreal; capital removed from Montreal.

Edgar Allan Poe, American poet, critic, and writer of stories; Maria
Edgeworth, Irish novelist; and James Knox Polk, former President of the
United States, died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year, except that Zachary Taylor
became President of the United States, March 4; and Victor Emmanuel became
King of Sardinia.=

1850

Slavery question acute in Congress, and the year marked by passage of
Clay's compromise measures, including Fugitive Slave bill. Bulwer-Clayton
treaty for the joint control by Great Britain and the United States of a
canal across Panama. California admitted to the Union as a free State
after stirring debates in Congress. Increased Chinese immigration to
California because of the failure of crops in China and the beginning of
the Taiping rebellion. "Uncle Tom's Cabin" published. Jenny Lind made her
first American appearance. Call is issued by South Carolina to other
Southern States to consider question of State rights.

About fifty thousand persons died of cholera in England; epidemic checked
late in the year. Submarine telegraph between England and France
completed, but had to be relaid. The Koh-i-noor, magnificent diamond once
owned by Dhuleep Singh, last native ruler of the Punjab, presented to
Queen Victoria. Fifth Kafir War in South Africa begun.

Schleswig and Holstein, without aid from Prussia, made another futile
attempt to throw off Danish rule. Louis Napoleon began systematic
operations to make himself Emperor of France; the liberty of the French
press was interfered with, and general suf