rs transported. British at Multan, India, massacred, and a
combined uprising of the Sikhs and Afghans occured; hurried preparations
made to meet them. Another monster Chartist petition rejected by
Parliament; failure of a projected meeting on Kennington Common
practically ended Chartist agitation. The Orange River district in South
Africa taken by the British. (Held till 1854.)

Revolution and counter-revolution in most of the continental European
countries. The nations seething. Schleswig and Holstein met with reverses
in attempting to transfer their allegiance from Denmark to Prussia. Polish
uprising summarily crushed. Revolt in Sicily began at Palermo and spread
throughout the island and to Naples. King Ferdinand II of Naples granted a
liberal constitution. The Grand Duke of Tuscany granted a constitution.
Revolt against Austrian rule in Italy; Charles Albert, King of Sardinia,
placed himself on the side of Italian freedom, won temporary success
against the Austrians, but was defeated and forced to ask for an
armistice; Venice, which had joined Sardinia, proclaimed itself a free
city, and placed Daniel Manin at the head of the government. The Swiss
Guards checked an uprising in Naples, and King Ferdinand, encouraged
thereby, revoked all the advantages he had granted. Pope Pius IX disavowed
intention of fighting against Austria, though a Papal force was in the
field; uprising in Rome against him; a free constitution was granted, and
the Pope fled in disguise to Gaeta; a provisional government for the Papal
States set up; aid sent the Pope by France.

Insurrection in Vienna; Metternich fled to England. Rebellion in Hungary;
Austrian military governor murdered; provisional government established,
with Kossuth and Count Louis Batthyanyi at the head. Decree that Magyar
must be the sole language of the country aroused Serbs, Croats, and Slavs
to a counter-rebellion, which was speedily checked. Renewed revolt in
Vienna; Emperor Ferdinand abdicated in favor of his son, Francis Joseph.

Frederick William IV of Prussia had granted some liberal concessions, but
riots in Berlin followed, barricades were thrown up, and in suppressing
the trouble Prince William, future Kaiser, was accused of unnecessary
cruelty. A preliminary Prussian Parliament was convoked, but accomplished
nothing. Georg Herwegh and Frederick Hecker led an armed uprising, but
were defeated. Uprisings in other parts of Germany put down, and the
parliament disso