as controlled each by
a distinctive spirit, which issues its mandate to the men of the age,
assigning to them their distinctive work.

The mandate issued to the age of Plato and Aristotle was _Bring your
beliefs into harmony one with another_. The Aristotelian Logic
was framed in response to this order: its main aim was to devise
instruments for making clear the coherence, the concatenation, the
mutual implication of current beliefs.

The mandate of the Mediaeval Spirit was _Bring your beliefs into
harmony with dogma_. The mediaeval logic was contracted from
Aristotle's under this impulse. Induction as conceived by him was
neglected, allowed to dwindle, almost to disappear from Logic. Greater
prominence was given to Deduction.

Then as Dogmatic Authority became aggressive, and the Church through
its officials claimed to pronounce on matters outside Theology, a new
spirit was roused, the mandate of which was, _Bring your beliefs
into harmony with facts_. It was under this impulse that a body of
methodical doctrine vaguely called Induction gradually originated.

In dealing with the genesis of the Old Logic, we began with Aristotle.
None can dispute his title to be called its founder. But who was the
founder of the New Logic? In what circumstances did it originate?

The credit of founding Induction is usually given to Francis Bacon,
Lord Verulam. That great man claimed it for himself in calling his
treatise on the Interpretation of Nature the _Novum Organum_. The
claim is generally conceded. Reid's account of the matter represents
the current belief since Bacon's own time.

"After man had laboured in the search of truth near two
thousand years by the help of Syllogisms, [Lord] Bacon
proposed the method of INDUCTION as a more effectual engine
for that purpose. His _Novum Organum_ gave a new turn to the
thoughts and labours of the inquisitive, more remarkable and
more useful than that which the _Organon_ of Aristotle had
given before, and may be considered as a second grand era in
the progress of human nature.... Most arts have been reduced
to rules after they had been brought to a considerable degree
of perfection by the natural sagacity of artists; and the
rules have been drawn from the best examples of the art
that had been before exhibited; but the art of philosophical
induction was delineated by [Lord] Bacon in a very ample
manner before the world had seen