ory of interpretation, it is true, was so far
an advance that he insisted on the necessity of verifying every
hypothesis by further appeal to facts, though in practice he himself
exercised no such patience and never realised the conditions of
verification. Against this, again, must be set the fact that by
calling his method induction, and laying so much stress on the
collection of facts, he fostered, and, indeed, fixed in the public
mind the erroneous idea that the whole work of science consists in
observation. The goal of science, as Herschel said, is Explanation,
though every explanation must be made to conform to fact,
and explanation is only another term for attaining to higher
generalisations, higher unities.

The truth is that Induction, if that is the name we use for scientific
method, is not, as Reid conceived, an exception to the usual rule of
arts in being the invention of one man. Bacon neither invented nor
practised it. It was perfected gradually in the practice of men
of science. The birthplace of it as a conscious method was in the
discussions of the Royal Society of London, as the birthplace of the
Aristotelian Logic was in the discussions of the Athenian schools. Its
first great triumph was Newton's law of Gravitation. If we are to
name it after its first illustrious practitioner, we must call it
the Newtonian method, not the Baconian. Newton really stands to the
Scientific Method of Explanation as Aristotle stands to the Method
of Dialectic and Deduction. He partly made it explicit in his _Regulae
Philosophandi_ (1685). Locke, his friend and fellow-member of the
Royal Society, who applied the method to the facts of Mind in his
_Essay Concerning Human Understanding_ (1691), made it still further
explicit in the Fourth Book of that famous work.

It was, however, a century and a half later that an attempt was first
made to incorporate scientific method with Logic under the name of
Induction, and add it as a new wing to the old Aristotelian building.
This was the work of John Stuart Mill, whose System of Logic,
Deductive and Inductive, was first published in 1843.

The genesis of Mill's System of Logic, as of other things, throws
light upon its character. And in inquiries into the genesis of
anything that man makes we may profitably follow Aristotle's division
of causes. The Efficient Cause is the man himself, but we have also to
find out the Final Cause, his object or purpose in making the thing,
the M