ce, obliged to
retire before vastly superior forces and, during the rest of the year,
as did the Serbians, the Montenegrins were satisfied merely with keeping
the enemy out of their home territory. What fighting occurred after that
moment was of more or less a desultory nature and entirely defensive.

PART VI--AUSTRO-RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN

CHAPTER LXI

STRENGTH AND EQUIPMENT OF THE ANTAGONISTS

The first campaign between the Austrian army and the Russian legions
began on August 6, 1914, when Austria declared war on Russia. We have
witnessed in the preceding chapters the German invasion of Belgium and
France, and the Austrian invasion of Serbia; we will now view the
fighting of the Russians and the Austrians on to the frontier, as it
progressed simultaneously with the Russian and German campaigns to be
described in subsequent chapters.

For some days before war was declared, as noted in Volume I of this
work, Austria-Hungary and Russia understood each other thoroughly.
Russia was satisfied that Austria intended to force war on Serbia, and
Russia was pledged to protect and uphold the little nation, which was
really her ward and over which she had announced a protectorate.

A review of the situation at this time shows that while mobilization was
being hastened, Russia had joined the Slav kingdom in asking for a delay
on the ultimatum that Serbia had received from Austria on July 24, 1914.
On July 27 Russia notified Austria that she could not permit Serbia to
be invaded. On July 29 an imperial ukase issued by the czar called all
reservists to the colors.

On July 31, 1914, M. Goremykin, President of the Council of the Russian
Empire, issued a manifesto which read: "Russia is determined not to
allow Serbia to be crushed, and will fulfill its duty in regard to that
small kingdom, which has already suffered so much at Austria's hands."

Germany on July 30, 1914, had asked Russia to stop its mobilization, and
had demanded a reply within twenty-four hours. Russia had ignored the
ultimatum, and on August 1 the German Ambassador had handed a
declaration of war to the Russian Foreign Minister. On August 6, 1914,
Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia, and the Austrian Ambassador left
St. Petersburg. In such wise was the eastern arena cleared for action.

Before describing in detail the Austro-Russian campaign, it is necessary
to bear in mind the conditions in the opposing armies. The strength of
the Austrian army