t will. When they departed in
the morning, they were told that unless they reported at the barracks by
nightfall they would be locked out. At that time of the year, in such a
bleak country, this would mean death, as there was practically no place
where they could obtain shelter. The freedom of the prisoners during
the day was absolute, even to the extent of accepting employment from
local mining companies.

In the thick of its fighting in Galicia, Russia had another problem to
deal with, which was the Russianization of the country. In the middle of
December, 1914, arrangements were made under the auspices of a member of
the Duma charged with national education in Galicia, for a large number
of elementary school teachers in the native schools of Galicia, to
attend at certain centers a series of lectures on Russian language and
literature. Lember, Sambor, Tarnopol, Stanislavoff, and Chernovtsi were
the first towns chosen for the opening of these courses. Besides this
measure, Russia, in the following month, opened ten model elementary
schools where all teaching was given in the Russian language. These were
in small towns and villages.

CHAPTER LXXII

AUSTRIANS AGAIN ASSUME THE OFFENSIVE

On December 14, 1914, the Russian General Staff announced that it had
"discovered the enemy trying again to assume the offensive in Galicia."
Two days later, Austro-German columns were pouring over the Dukla. It
was understood that three new German army corps had been sent to the
eastern front, making nine new corps since the beginning of hostilities,
and that three Austrian corps were withdrawn from Serbia. The number of
troops entering Galicia through the mountain passes was estimated at
175,000 men.

This movement compelled the Russians to withdraw the raiding parties
which had invaded Hungary. It is unlikely, however, that Russia had
planned to invade Hungary in force, so long as Przemysl and Cracow stood
firm. As the situation then was, it would have been a perilous feat to
send an army any distance across the mountains. Before such an invasion
could be attempted, it was first necessary that the positions of the
Russians in western Galicia and Poland should be greatly strengthened.

When the new Austro-German reenforcements arrived in Galicia over the
Dukla, the extreme southern end of the Russian line below Cracow was
pushed back from advanced positions west of the Raba to and over the
Dunajec. But the Russians did no