k revolution and independence (national movement).
Separation of Belgium from the Netherlands (national).
Revival of liberal demands in various quarters, producing the
revolution of 1830 in France and elsewhere.
2. The ascendancy of the bourgeoisie, 1830-1848.
_a._ Industrialism on the continent.
_b._ The bourgeois (capitalist employer) secures political power
to advance his interests.
Revolution of 1830.
Reform bill of 1832.
Legislation against labor organizations and for tariffs
favoring trade.
_c._ The development of organized labor and socialism.
Legislation hostile to labor. Chartism.
Labor in France, Germany, and Belgium.
Spread of socialist doctrines.
_d._ The Revolution of 1848.
Socialist republican state in France, 1848.
The winning of constitutions in Prussia, Austria, and
elsewhere--breach in the walls of reaction.
_G._ The broadening base of democracy, 1848-1914.
1. The organization of labor.
2. The spread of socialistic views and of class consciousness.
Karl Marx.
3. The resistance of the old aristocratic class and the bourgeoisie,
who gradually fuse to form the conservative element in all
nations.
Napoleon III restores the Empire in France.
In Austria and Prussia, Bismarck and Francis Joseph II retrieve
losses of 1848.
Disraeli and Conservatives in England.
4. The progress toward universal suffrage after 1865, strengthening
political position of lower classes.
Vindication of democratic government through triumph of the North
in the United States gave impetus to democracy abroad.
Electoral reform bills in Great Britain, 1867, 1884, 1885.
Franco-Prussian War and the Third French Republic. Universal
suffrage.
Unification of Germany and universal suffrage.
Russian Revolution, 1917.
Woman suffrage.
5. Popular sovereignty and its consequences.
_a._ Triumph of republicans and radicals in France over
monarchists and clericals.
_b._ Liberal ministries in United Kingdom.
Lloyd George Budget ... Parliament Act. Social legislation.