ncouragement of independent farmers.
Emancipation and protection of peasants: France, 1789; Prussia,
1808; Austria, 1848; Russia, 1861.
6. Social, socialistic, and humanitarian legislation.
Factory acts, minimum wage laws, industrial insurance, old age
insurance, labor exchanges, child labor laws, prison reform
acts, revision of penal codes, abolition of slavery and slave
trade, government control or ownership of railways, telephones,
telegraph, and mails.
7. Opposition to state or national churches.
Disestablishment agitations ... Separation of church and state.
8. Demand for free public schools to replace church or other private
schools. State lay schools in England ... Suppression of teaching
orders in France ... Kulturkampf in Germany ... Expulsion of
Jesuits ... Tendency toward compulsory non-sectarian education.
9. Imperialism.
Industrial societies depend on imports, exports, and markets as
means of keeping labor employed and people prosperous.
This means export of capital, hence, plans for colonies, closed
doors, preferential markets, and demands for the protection of
citizens abroad and political stability in backward areas.
Partition of Africa, Asia, and Near East.
10. Militarism.
Expansion and colonial acquisition by one country exclude
another, thus unsettling the balance of power. Therefore
rival nations depend on force and go in for military and
naval programs.
_F._ The conflict between reactionary and bourgeois
interests, 1815-1848.
1. Reactionary elements in control--opposed to democracy and
revolutionary doctrines.
_a._ Restore Europe as nearly as possible on old lines at Vienna,
1815.
Ignore liberal tendencies and national sentiments.
_b._ Seek to maintain _status quo_.
Metternich ... Holy Alliance.
Carlsbad Decrees ... Congresses of Troppau, Laibach,
Verona ... Intervention in Naples, Piedmont, and Spain.
Proposal to restore Latin America to Monarchy.
Opposed by Great Britain in compliance with bourgeois
interests.
Monroe Doctrine.
_c._ Failed to prevent:
Gree