es, and Pope Leo XII died, February 10.
Cardinal Castiglione, his successor, took the name of Pius VIII.=

1830

France seized Algiers, despite English protests, thus laying the
foundation of her vast colonial empire in Africa. The liberals gained a
majority in the French chamber, and on an appeal to the people the
government was overwhelmingly defeated. On July 24 Charles X dissolved the
legislature and made Marshal Marmont commandant of Paris. Next day
barricades were thrown up in the streets, merchants, working men,
students, and soldiers joining in opposition to the government. Paris was
declared in a state of siege, but the Louvre and the Tuileries were
captured by the revolutionists. After vainly endeavoring to quiet the
country by concessions, Charles abdicated and fled to England. His cousin,
Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, son of the so-called Philippe Egalite,
was crowned king.

Rebellion began in Brussels, and Holland and Belgium, which had been
united as one state since the downfall of Napoleon, formed separate
governments. Uprising in Spain against Ferdinand VII, because he had
abolished the Salic law, being without male issue and wishing his wife to
succeed him. Poland also rose against Russian domination, and set up a
provisional government. The Sultan of Turkey formally recognized the
independence of Greece.

In the United States Congress, nullification continued to be the absorbing
topic; Webster, speaking on it, made his famous oration in reply to Hayne,
of South Carolina (January 26, 27). Mormon Church organized at Manchester,
New York. First American-built locomotive operated at Baltimore. A portion
of Texas was claimed as United States territory by settlers living on the
Texan border; Congress refused to take action in the matter.

In England, the Duke of Wellington's ministry resigned, and was succeeded
by Earl Grey's. In the British colony of Van Diemen's Land--since renamed
Tasmania--the white inhabitants began a war of extermination upon the
natives. A cordon was drawn across the island, but failed to accomplish
the work. There was further political unrest in Germany; Duke Charles
Frederick of Brunswick was expelled from his dominions by a popular
uprising, and the people of Saxony forced their king, Antony, to promise
them a constitution.

Barthelemy Thimonnier, French tailor, introduced a practical chain-stitch
sewing-machine. Joseph Lister contributed greatly to the utility of the
m