nd in favor of free trade, had
turned to manufacturing, and, led by Webster, strenuously upheld
protection against the Southern leaders, once its advocates, now its
enemies. States rights discussions grew stronger. The first American steam
railroad constructed at Baltimore. Webster's Dictionary published.

Internal wars in Latin America. The Emperor of China sought to restrain
the English from carrying on the opium trade. Daniel O'Connell elected to
Parliament, but not permitted to sit, being a Roman Catholic. As a result,
however, a general sentiment in favor of Catholic emancipation developed
in England. British troops withdrawn from Portugal. Dom Miguel proclaimed
King of Portugal; absolutism supreme.

Famous people dying in 1828 were Franz Schubert, Viennese musician; Lady
Caroline Lamb, English author; Dugald Stewart, Scottish philosopher; and
Thomas Bewick, engraver.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year.=

1829

In the Balkans, the Russian forces renewed the campaign against Turkey,
severely defeated the Turks at Kulevtcha, and captured Silistria and
Adrianople. Other European powers demanded peace, and on April 14 a treaty
was signed giving Russia a protectorate over the newly liberated Danubian
principalities, Turkey surrendering all fortified points on the left bank
of the Danube.

In the United States, President Jackson began his term by declaring that
"to the victors belong the spoils," and instantly removing one hundred and
sixty-seven appointees made by John Quincy Adams. Adams absented himself
from the inaugural ceremonies. Georgia and South Carolina, in the course
of their opposition to the tariff, maintained the right of the States to
nullify acts of Congress. Jackson involved in quarrels with his Cabinet.
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad opened.

The popular opposition to King Charles of France increased in intensity.
The Catholic Emancipation Act passed by the British Parliament. Capital
punishment for burglary abolished in England. The burning alive of widows
forbidden in India. Sir Charles Gurney invented a steam-driven omnibus,
the forerunner of the automobile. Sir John Ross, the British explorer,
made the first Arctic voyage in a steamship. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck,
French scientist; Karl von Schlegel, German scholar; and Thomas Young and
Sir Humphry Davy, English scientists, died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year, except that Andrew Jackson
became President of the United Stat