s shall require a two-thirds vote for their adoption, as the right
of discussion, and the right to have the rules enforced, should not be
abridged by a mere majority:

An Objection to the Consideration of a Question .............. Sec. 15.
To Take up a Question out of its proper order ................ Sec. 13.
To Suspend the Rules ......................................... Sec. 18.
The Previous Question ........................................ Sec. 20.
To Close or Limit Debate ..................................... Sec. 37.
To Amend the Rules (requires previous notice also) ........... Sec. 43.
To Make a special order ...................................... Sec. 13.

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Art. VII. The Officers and the Minutes.
[Sec.Sec. 40, 41.]

40. Chairman* [In connection with this section read Sec. 44, and also Sec.
40, 41.] or President. The presiding officer, when no special title has
been assigned him, is ordinarily called the Chairman (or in religious
assemblies more usually the Moderator); frequently the constitution of
the assembly prescribes for him a title, such as President.

His duties are generally as follows:

To open the session at the time at which the assembly is to meet, by
taking the chair and calling the members to order; to announce the
business before the assembly in the order in which it is to be acted
upon [Sec. 44]; to state and to put to vote [Sec. 38] all questions which are
regularly moved, or necessarily arise in the course of proceedings, and
to announce the result of the vote;

To restrain the members, when engaged in

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debate, within the rules of order; to enforce on all occasions the
observance of order and decorum [Sec. 36] among the members, deciding all
questions of order (subject to an appeal to the assembly by any two
members, Sec. 14), and to inform the assembly when necessary, or when
referred to for the purpose, on a point of order or practice;

To authenticate, by his signature, when necessary, all the acts, orders
and proceedings of the assembly, and in general to represent and stand
for the assembly, declaring its will, and in all things obeying its
commands.

The chairman shall rise* [It is not customary for the chairman to rise
while putting questions in very small bodies, such as committees,
boards of trustees, &c.] to put