of the government's viewpoint as expressed in F.I.D. No. 91, which was
that only coffee grown in the province of Yemen in Arabia could properly
be known as Mocha coffee.

Another important ruling, concerning coffee buyers and sellers,
prohibits the importation of green coffees coated with lead chromate,
Prussian blue, and other substances, to give the beans a more stylish
appearance than they have normally. Such "polished" coffees find great
favor in the European markets, but are now denied admittance here.

The Board of Food and Drug Inspection decided in 1910 against a trade
custom that had prevailed until then of calling Minas coffee Santos when
shipped through Santos, instead of Rio.[322]

For years a practise obtained of rebagging certain Central American
growths in New York. In this way Bucaramangas frequently were
transformed into Bogotas, Rios became Santos, Bahias and Victorias were
sold as Rios, and the misbranding of peaberry was quite common. A
celebrated case grew out of an attempt by a New York coffee importer and
broker to continue one of these practises after the Pure Food Act made
it a criminal offense. The defendants, who were found guilty of
conspiracy, and who were fined three thousand dollars each, mixed,
re-packed and sold under the name P.A.L. Bogota, a well known Colombian
mark, eighty-four bags of washed Caracas coffee.[323]

After an exchange of views with the United States Board of Food and Drug
Inspection, the New York Coffee Exchange decided that, after June 1,
1912, it would abolish all grades of coffee under the Exchange type No.
8.

The practise in Holland of grading Santos coffees--by selecting beans
most like Java beans, and polishing and coloring them to add
verisimilitude--known as "manipulated Java," became such a nuisance in
1912 that United States consuls refused to certify invoices to the
United States unless accompanied by a declaration that the produce was
"pure Java, neither mixed with other kinds nor counterfeited."

The United States Bureau of Chemistry ruled in February, 1921, that
_Coffea robusta_ could not be sold as Java coffee, or under any form of
labeling which tended either directly or indirectly to create the
impression that it was _Coffea arabica_, so long and favorably known as
Java coffee. This was in line with the Department of Agriculture's
previous definition that coffee was the seed of the _Coffea arabica_ or
_Coffea liberica_, and that Java coffee was _