on for casts, cells, bacteria, etc.

~The Color~ of normal urine varies, especially with the amount voided.

The variations in color range from the pale straw color of individuals
who are voiding large quantities to the deep lemon or amber of those
who void much less.

Pathological conditions are indicated to a certain extent by the color
of the urine. Fevers heighten the color, small quantities of blood
cause a smoky appearance, while bile changes the color of the urine to
a greenish yellow.

~Precipitates in the Urine.~--When the urine has been allowed to stand
for a time there is sometimes a brick-red deposit due to the
precipitate of urates. This disappears upon heating and is not an
evidence of any diseased condition.

~Turbidity of Urine.~--The turbidity of fresh urine then is the only
kind which need be considered, since standing in the cold often brings
about this condition, due to the growth of bacteria and deposits of
both phosphates and urates.

~Requirements in Testing Urine.~--Urine to be tested should be fresh,
and when it is not possible to make the examination at once it should
be preserved with chloroform, or some other harmless preservative,
until ready to use.

~Bacteria in Urine.~--The changes due to bacterial growth in the urine
are manifested not only by the turbid character of the urine but also
by the odor of ammonia.

~The Amount of Urine.~--The amount of urine voided in twenty-four
hours varies with the individual in health as well as in disease. Many
individuals void a great quantity during the twenty-four hours,
chiefly because they drink a great quantity of water and other
beverages. The average amount of urine passed in twenty-four hours by
an adult, or a child over eight years, is from 1000 to 2000 c.c. It
represents from 60% to 70% of the amount of water ingested.

~Collecting the Urine for Testing.~--In measuring the urine it is
necessary to begin collecting it after the bladder has been emptied
the first thing in the morning. The patient should void just before
the end of the twenty-four-hour period to be sure that the amount
formed by the kidneys during this time is accounted for.

~Diseases in Which Urine Is Diminished.~--In certain diseases the
amount of urine passed is diminished. This is found to be true in
diarrhea and dysentery, when water is lost in the feces, in hemorrhage
from any part of the body and from vomiting. It is likewise at times
the case after abdominal