tone in the later education of the boy.

The surveying may be roughly divided into two parts, simple and advanced.
The simple work includes that which can be carried on with a few cheap
instruments easily secured or made by the boys. The advanced work requires
better instruments and is adapted to high school boys. Only the simple
work will be described.

Home-made

The instruments needed in simple surveying are, compass, measuring tape,
draughtsman's scale, protractor, drawing materials and a small home-made
transit. The leader should, if possible, become familiar with some good
textbook on surveying, such as Wentworth's Plane Trigonometry and
Surveying. He should also get some civil engineer to give him a little
instruction in the rudiments. It is well also to get some practice before
going to camp. Any vacant lot or gymnasium floor will be suitable. If the
leader is near a small lake that will be especially desirable.

The transit is easily made. A flat board should be selected, about twelve
inches in diameter, which will not warp. Upon this a circle is marked
about ten inches in diameter. For this purpose use a pair of drawing
compasses. Then with a protractor lay off the degrees of the circle. A
small brass protractor can be bought for 15 cents, a good one, large size,
costs 80 cents. A good plan is to mark the circle on bristol board [1]
which can be tacked in the board. Then a pointed piece of wood ten inches
long should be fastened with a nail in the center of the circle. At the
ends of the pointer pins should be placed vertically so that they are in
line with the pivot nail. This will form a sight for measuring the angles.
The board is then mounted upon a pointed stick or tripod. You will need a
hatchet and a half dozen sharpened sticks for markers and a boy for rod
man. You are now ready for the survey.

[Transcribers Footnote 1: Smooth, heavy pasteboard.]

[Illustration: Fig. 1. Top View of Transit, Protractor, Sighting Pins,
Board for Circle, Support]

Camp Survey

To make a map of the location of the camp, the first thing is to locate a
base line on a level piece of ground. At the two ends A and B stakes are
placed and the length carefully measured with the tape. Then from one end
of the line stretch a string about ten feet long, toward the other stake.
Under this string place the compass. In this way the direction of the line
may be learned.

In figure 1, the base line runs about 10 degrees west