ure, in spite
of the great compromises, the ideas of the Federalists. This achievement
was made possible by the absence from the Convention of the two types of
men who were to prove the greatest enemy of the new document when it was
presented for popular approval, namely, the office-holder or politician,
who feared that the establishment of a central government would deprive
him of his influence, and the popular demagogue, who viewed with
suspicion all evidence of organized authority. It was these two
types, joined by a third--the conscientious objector--who formed the
AntiFederalist party to oppose the adoption of the new Constitution.
Had this opposition been well-organized, it could unquestionably have
defeated the Constitution, even against its brilliant protagonists,
Hamilton, Madison, Jay, and a score of other masterly men.

The unanimous choice of Washington for President gave the new Government
a non-partizan initiation. In every way Washington attempted to foster
the spirit of an undivided household. He warned his countrymen against
partizanship and sinister political societies. But he called around
his council board talents which represented incompatible ideals
of government. Thomas Jefferson, the first Secretary of State, and
Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury, might for a
time unite their energies under the wise chieftainship of Washington,
but their political principles could never be merged. And when,
finally, Jefferson resigned, he became forthwith the leader of the
opposition--not to Washington, but to Federalism as interpreted by
Hamilton, John Adams, and Jay.

The name Anti-Federalist lost its aptness after the inauguration of
the Government. Jefferson and his school were not opposed to a federal
government. They were opposed only to its pretensions, to its assumption
of centralized power. Their deep faith in popular control is revealed in
the name they assumed, Democratic-Republican. They were eager to limit
the federal power to the glorification of the States; the Federalists
were ambitious to expand the federal power at the expense of localism.
This is what Jefferson meant when he wrote to Washington as early as
1792, "The Republican party wish to preserve the Government in its
present form." Now this is a very definite and fundamental distinction.
It involves the political difference between government by the people
and government by the representatives of the people, and the