ns north and east of New Mexico. It is correct
to call this a distinction of race if we mean thereby a
distinction developed upon American soil, a differentiation
within the limits of the red race, and not an intrusion from
without. In this sense the Caribs also may be regarded as a
distinct sub-race; and, in the same sense, we may call the
Kafirs a distinct sub-race of African blacks. See, as to the
latter, Tylor, _Anthropology_, p. 39.]

[Sidenote: No necessary connection between differences in culture and
differences in race.]

The belief that the people of the Cordilleras must be of radically
different race from other Indians was based upon the vague notion that
grades of culture have some necessary connection with likenesses and
differences of race. There is no such necessary connection.[22] Between
the highly civilized Japanese and their barbarous Mandshu cousins the
difference in culture is much greater than the difference between
Mohawks and Mexicans; and the same may be said of the people of Israel
and Judah in contrast with the Arabs of the desert, or of the imperial
Romans in comparison with their Teutonic kinsmen as described by
Tacitus.

[Footnote 22: As Sir John Lubbock well says, "Different races
in similar stages of development often present more features of
resemblance to one another than the same race does to itself in
different stages of its history." (_Origin of Civilization_, p.
11.) If every student of history and ethnology would begin by
learning this lesson, the world would be spared a vast amount
of unprofitable theorizing.]

* * * * *

[Sidenote: Grades of culture.]

At this point, in order to prepare ourselves the more clearly to
understand sundry facts with which we shall hereafter be obliged to
deal, especially the wonderful experiences of the Spanish conquerors, it
will be well to pause for a moment and do something toward defining the
different grades of culture through which men have passed in attaining
to the grade which can properly be called civilization. Unless we begin
with clear ideas upon this head we cannot go far toward understanding
the ancient America that was first visited and described for us by
Spaniards. The various grades of culture need to be classified, and that
most original and suggestive scholar, the late L