blic, resulted
in his being obliged to justify himself (October 15, 1795). As a member
of the Council of the Five Hundred he became more and more suspected of
royalism. He presented a measure in favour of full liberty for the
press, which at that time was almost unanimously reactionary, protested
against the outlawry of returned _emigres_, spoke in favour of the
deported priests and attacked the Directory. Accordingly he was
proscribed on the 18th Fructidor, and lived in England until the
Consulate. In 1801 he was made a member of the Tribunate, and in 1805 a
senator. In 1814 he voted for Napoleon's abdication, which won for him a
seat in the chamber of peers; but during the Hundred Days he served
Napoleon, and in consequence, on the second Restoration, was for a short
while excluded. In the chamber he still sought to obtain liberty for the
press--a theme upon which he published a volume of his speeches (Paris,
1817). He was a member of the Institute from its foundation, and in
1816, at the reorganization, became a member of the Academie des
Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. He published in 1819-1821 a two-volume
_Essai sur la vie et les opinions de M. de Malesherbes_.

See F.A. Aulard, _Les Orateurs de la Revolution_ (2nd ed., 1906); L.
Sciout, _Le Directoire_ (4 vols., 1895); and the "Notice sur la vie et
les oeuvres de M. Boissy d'Anglas" in the _Memoires de l'Academie des
Inscriptions_, ix. (R. A.*)

BOITO, ARRIGO (1842- ), Italian poet and musical composer, was born at
Padua on the 24th of February 1842. He studied music at the Milan
Conservatoire, but even in those early days he devoted as much of his
time to literature as to music, forecasting the divided allegiance which
was to be the chief characteristic of his life's history. While at the
Conservatoire he wrote and composed, in collaboration with Franco
Faccio, a cantata, _Le Sorelle d'Italia_, which was performed with
success. On completing his studies Boito travelled for some years, and
after his return to Italy settled down in Milan, dividing his time
between journalism and music. In 1866 he fought under Garibaldi, and in
1868 conducted the first performance of his opera _Mefistofele_ at the
Scala theatre, Milan. The work failed completely, and was withdrawn
after a second performance. It was revived in 1875 at Bologna in a much
altered and abbreviated form, when its success was beyond question. It
was performed in London in 1880 with suc