silver, copper, or iron) the extent and character of
his reign. The office, however, of the highest Chakravartti, who hurls
his wheel among his enemies, is inferior to the peaceful mission of
a Buddha, who meekly turns the wheel of the Law, and conquers every
universe by his teaching."

(9) This was Brahma, the first person of the Brahmanical Trimurti,
adopted by Buddhism, but placed in an inferior position, and surpassed
by every Buddhist saint who attains to bodhi.

(10) A common name for the earth below, where, on digging, water is
found.

(11) The height is given as thirty chow, the chow being the distance
from the elbow to the finger-tip, which is variously estimated.

(12) A note of Mr. Beal says on this:--"General Cunningham, who
visited the spot (1862), found a pillar, evidently of the age of
Asoka, with a well-carved elephant on the top, which, however, was
minus trunk and tail. He supposes this to be the pillar seen by
Fa-Hsien, who mistook the top of it for a lion. It is possible such a
mistake may have been made, as in the account of one of the pillars at
Sravasti, Fa-Hsien says an ox formed the capital, whilst Hsuan-chwang
calls it an elephant (P. 19, Arch. Survey)."

(13) That is, in niches on the sides. The pillar or column must have
been square.

(14) Equivalent to "all through."

(15) Has always been translated "heretical teachers;" but I eschew the
terms _heresy_ and _heretical_. The parties would not be Buddhists of
any creed or school, but Brahmans or of some other false doctrine, as
Fa-Hsien deemed it. The Chinese term means "outside" or "foreign;"--in
Pali, anna-titthiya,="those belonging to another school."

(16) These three predecessors of Sakyamuni were the three Buddhas
of the present or Maha-bhadra Kalpa, of which he was the fourth,
and Maitreya is to be the fifth and last. They were: (1) Krakuchanda
(Pali, Kakusanda), "he who readily solves all doubts;" a scion of the
Kasyapa family. Human life reached in his time 40,000 years, and so
many persons were converted by him. (2) Kanakamuni (Pali, Konagamana),
"body radiant with the colour of pure gold;" of the same family.
Human life reached in his time 30,000 years, and so many persons were
converted by him. (3) Kasyapa (Pali, Kassapa), "swallower of light."
Human life reached in his time 20,000 years, and so many persons were