s of different
sorts of tanks and airplanes, of destroyers and Eagle boats.
6. What was the object of the Germans in devastating the
country when they retreated to the Hindenburg line? 7. Why
did Germany think Mexico and Japan might join her in an
attack on the United States? 8. What was the date on which
the United States declared war on Germany? 9. Why did not the
United States declare war on Turkey or Bulgaria? 10. Make a
list of the countries of South America and Central America
that declared war on Germany.

REFERENCES.--_War Cyclopedia_ (C.P.I.); _The Study of the
Great War_ (C.P.I.); _War, Labor, and Peace_ (C.P.I.); _How
the War came to America_ (C.P.I.); _The War Message and the
Facts Behind It_ (C.P.I.); _New York Times History of the
European War_.

FOOTNOTES:

[3] The Hindenburg line was very nearly the same as the battle line of
Jan. 1, 1918, as shown on the map, page 145.

[4] Except that the United States, on certain conditions, might send one
ship a week to Falmouth.

CHAPTER XII

THE WAR IN 1918

FAILURE OF GERMAN PEACE OFFENSIVE.--During the fall of 1917 Germany
had started a great discussion of the terms of the peace which should
close the war. In general the position taken by German spokesmen was
"peace without annexations and without indemnities," as proposed by the
Russian Bolsheviki. Such talk was designed to weaken the war spirit of
the Allied peoples, and perhaps to make the German people believe that
they were fighting a war of self-defense. The time was ripe for a
statement of the war aims of Germany's opponents. This statement, later
approved in general by Allied statesmen, was made by President Wilson in
his address to Congress on January 8, 1918. It is discussed in detail in
Chapter XIV. It was not satisfactory to Germany's rulers, for they hoped
to secure better terms in a peace of bargains and compromises.

RUSSIA MAKES A SEPARATE PEACE.--Only in Russia was this German peace
offensive a success. In the last chapter we saw how in the latter part
of 1917 the Bolsheviki had gained control of the government of Russia
and had arranged an armistice with the Central Powers. This meant the
stopping of all fighting along the eastern front and the consequent
freeing of many thousands of German soldiers to fight in the west.

At Brest-Litovsk, a town in Russian Poland which had been occupied by
the troops of the Central Pow