ines, the closing of stores or bakeries, or by depriving
the offender of his supply for a given length of time. Kitchens were
established in large communities where housewives could learn the best
ways of making bread with the use of various substitutes for wheat.

Early in the fall of 1917 it was seen that, because of inadequate
transportation facilities and of a tremendously increasing demand for
coal by the war industries, there would be a shortage of fuel during the
winter. Accordingly a Fuel Administrator was appointed who regulated the
distribution of fuel. Industries essential to the war were supplied,
while those that were not doing needful work had their supply reduced or
cut off altogether. As it happened, the winter of 1917-1918 was
exceedingly severe, freight congestion became worse and worse, and the
shortage in the industrial centers was even greater than had been
anticipated. The control of fuel saved the people of the northeastern
section of our country from much distress, and assured a supply of fuel
for war purposes.

Later in 1918 householders and mercantile establishments were allowed
only a portion of their usual coal supply, the number of stops made by
street railway cars was reduced, and window and other display lighting
was forbidden on all but two nights in the week. An act of Congress
directed that from the last Sunday in March till the last Sunday in
October all clocks must be set one hour ahead of time. This regulation
brings more of our activities into the daylight hours and so cuts down
the use of artificial light. By these methods much coal was conserved
for the use of factories engaged in war work.

TRANSPORTATION CONTROL.--Soon after war was declared, the railroads of
the country put themselves at the disposal of the government in order to
take care of the increase in transportation service required by the
state of war. The nearly seven hundred railroads of the country were
organized and run as a single system under the direction of a Railroads'
War Board, composed of some of the chief railroad officials.

Passenger train service was reduced, chiefly in order to provide for the
transportation of several million soldiers to and from training camps.
Freight cars and locomotives from one railroad were kept as long as they
were needed in the service of another. The roads no longer competed with
each other for freight, but goods were sent over the road that had, at
the time of shipment, th