_ | | | | | X
_Arachnothera affinis_ | | | | | X
_Zosterops everetti_ | | O | X | |
_Lonchura fuscans_ | | X | O | |
_Oriolus xanthonotus_ | | X | O | |
_Platysmurus leucopterus_ | | X | O | |
+----+----+----+----+----
Total Primary | 16 | 18 | 14 | 2 | 4
| | | | |
Total Secondary | 1 | 8 | 14 | 0 | 0
----------------------------+----+----+----+----+----

The avifauna at Quoin Hill was a mixture of montane, submontane, and
lowland species. Smythies (1957:527) defines four altitudinal areas of
distribution: Higher Montane, Montane, Submontane, and Lowland. Higher
Montane birds have not been recorded on mountains the summits of which
are lower than 5,000 feet, although on higher peaks the actual lower
limit of occurrence may be considerably below 5,000 feet. Montane birds
have not been recorded on mountains the summits of which are lower than
3,000 feet, although specimens may have been taken below that altitude
on higher peaks. Submontane, as defined by Smythies, is a comprehensive
term applied to birds occurring from sea level to an elevation of 5,000
feet but ordinarily not found away from mountainous country. The Lowland
birds normally range from sea level to 3,000 feet. Of the 125 species of
birds observed at Quoin Hill, 1.6 per cent were Montane, 14.4 per cent
were Submontane and 84 per cent were Lowland species. The distribution
of birds 12 miles north of Kalabakan closely resembled that at Quoin
Hill except for the total absence of Montane species and an increase of
Submontane species to 25 per cent. The observation of fewer species (48)
can be attributed to the nearly uniform habitat.

The avifauna in the moss forest 5.5 miles southwest of Tenom was unusual
in that 45.4 per cent consisted of Lowland species; this locality lies
4,000 feet above sea level, yet only 27.3 per cent of its species were
Submontane and 27.3 per cent Montane. If one looks at these figures from
the standpoint of the actual importance of the three groups at this
place, however, a different picture emerges. Some of the Lowland species
were seen only once while I was there and few were common, while all of
the Submontane and most of the Montane forms were more or less common.

SEASONALITY OF BREEDING

_The breeding season in