t, Descriptive, Historical and Picturesque_, translated
from the German edition of 1879 by Clara Bell, new edition, 2 vols.
(London, 1887); Sir Gardiner Wilkinson, _Modern Egypt and Thebes_ (2
vols., London, 1843); Lady Duff Gordon, _Letters from Egypt_, complete
edition (London, 1902), an invaluable account of social conditions in
the period 1862-1869; A. B. Edwards, _A Thousand Miles up the Nile_
(2nd edition, London, n.d. [1889]); _Pharaohs, Fellahs and Explorers_
(London, 1892); H. W. Mardon, _Geography of Egypt ..._ (London, 1902),
an excellent elementary text-book; D. G. Hogarth, _The Nearer East_
(London, 1902), contains brief but suggestive chapters on Egypt; S.
Lane Poole, _Egypt_ (London, 1881); A. B. de Guerville, _New Egypt_,
translated from the French (London, 1905); R. T. Kelly, _Egypt Painted
and Described_ (London, 1902). The best maps are those of the Survey
Department, Cairo, on the scale of 1:50000 (1.3 in. to the mile).

(b) Administration: Sir John Bowring's _Report on Egypt ..._ to Lord
Palmerston (London, 1840) shows the system obtaining at that period.
For the study of the state of Egypt at the time of the British
occupation, 1882, and the development of the country since, the most
valuable documents[5] are:

I. _Official._--The _Reports on the Finances, Administration and
Condition of Egypt_, issued yearly since 1892 (the reports 1888-1891
were exclusively financial). Up to 1906 the reports were by Lord
Cromer (Sir Evelyn Baring). They clearly picture the progress of the
country. The following reports are specially valuable as exhibiting
the difficulties which at the outset confronted the British
administrators:--_Correspondence respecting the Reorganization of
Egypt_ (1883); _Reports by Mr Villiers Stuart respecting
Reorganization of Egypt_ (1883 and 1895); _Despatch from Lord Dufferin
forwarding the Decree constituting the New Political Institutions of
Egypt_ (1883); _Reports on the State of Egypt and the Progress of
Administrative Reforms_ (1885); _Reports by Sir H. D. Wolff on the
Administration of Egypt_ (1887). Annual returns are published in Cairo
in English or French by the various ministries, and British consular
reports on the trade of Egypt and of Alexandria and of the tonnage and
shipping of the Suez Canal are also issued yearly.

II. _Non-official._--Lord Cromer, _Modern Egypt_ (2 vols., 1908), an
authoritativ