south, some of the Chilean trees, notably the _algarrobilla_
(_Balsamocarpon brevifolium_) and _lingue_ (_Persea lingue_) being
rich in tannin. To provide a market for the leather produced,
factories have been established for the manufacture of boots and
shoes, harness and saddles, and under the protection of a high tariff
are doing well. Brewing and distilling have made noteworthy progress,
the domestic consumption of their products being very large. The
breweries are generally worked by Germans and are situated chiefly in
the south, though there are large establishments in Santiago and
Valparaiso. Small quantities of their products are exported. Furniture
and carriage factories, cooperages, and other manufactories of wood
are numerous and generally prosperous. There are likewise a large
number of factories for canning and preserving fruits and vegetables.
Foundries and machine shops have been established, especially for the
manufacture of railway material. The sugar beet has been added to the
productions of Chile, and with it the manufacture on a small scale of
beet sugar. There is one large refinery at Vina del Mar, however,
which imports raw cane sugar from Peru for refining. The manufacture
of textiles is carried on at Santiago and El Tome, and numerous small
factories are devoted to clothing of various descriptions. The great
mining industries have led to a noteworthy development in the
production of chemicals, and a considerable number of factories are
engaged in the production of pharmaceutical preparations, perfumeries,
soaps, candles, &c.

_Mining_.--The most important of all the national industries, however,
is that of mining. In 1903 there were 11,746 registered mines, on
which mining dues were paid, the aggregate produce being valued at
178,768,170 pesos. These mines gave employment to 46,592 labourers, of
whom 24,445 were employed by the nitrate companies, 13,710 in various
metalliferous mines, 6437 in coal mines, and 2000 in other mines. Gold
is found in nearly all the provinces from Antofagasta to Concepcion,
and in Llanquihue, Chiloe and Magallanes territory, but the output is
not large. There are a great many placer washings, among which are
some extensive deposits near the Straits of Magellan. Silver is found
principally on the elevated slopes and plateaus of the Andes in the
desert provinces of the north. The second most important