s been trying to promote cattle-breeding
by levying duties (as high as 16 pesos a head) on cattle imported from
Argentina, but with no great success. The importation, which formerly
numbered about 140,000 per annum, still numbers not far from 100,000
head. There are some districts in central Chile where cattle-raising
is the principal occupation, but the long dry summers limit the
pasturage on the open plains and prevent the development which perhaps
would otherwise result. As in Argentina, beef is generally dried in
the sun to make _charqui_ (jerked beef), in which form it is exported
to the desert provinces. Horse and mule breeding are carried on to a
limited extent, and since the opening of the far South more attention
has been given to sheep. Goats and swine are raised in small numbers
on the large estates, but in Chiloe swine-raising is one of the chief
occupations of the people. Some attention has been given to the
production of butter and cheese, but the industry has attained no
great importance. A new industry which has made noteworthy progress,
however, is that of bee-keeping, which is greatly favoured by the mild
climate and the long season and abundance of flowers.

_Manufactures._--The manufacturing interests of Chile have become
influential enough to force a high tariff policy upon the country.
They have been restricted principally to articles of necessity--food
preparations, beverages, textiles and wearing apparel, leather and
leatherwork, woodwork, pottery, chemicals, ironware, &c. In earlier
days, when Chile had less competition in the production of wheat,
flour mills were to be found everywhere in the wheat-producing
provinces, and flour was one of the leading exports. Concepcion,
Talca, and other provincial capitals developed important milling
industries, which were extended to all the chief towns of the newer
provinces south of the Bio-Bio. There are over 500 large flour mills
in Chile, the greater part of which are equipped with modern
roller-process machinery. The development of the coal deposits in the
provinces of Concepcion and Arauco has made possible other industries
besides those of smelting mineral ores, and numerous small
manufacturing establishments have resulted, especially in Santiago,
Valparaiso, Copiapo and other places where no permanent water power
exists. Tanning leather is an important industry, especially in the