1907); Sir W.M. Conway, _Aconcagua and
Tierra del Fuego_ (London, 1902); "Chile-Argentine Arbitration" in the
_Geog. Journal_ (January 1903); C.M. Pepper, _Panama to Patagonia_
(London, 1907); C.E. Akers, _History of South America, 1854-1904_
(London, 1904); M. Hume, _Lecture on the Republic of Chile_ (London,
1902). (E. G. J. M.; C. E. A.; G. E.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See A. Pissis, "Sur la constitution geologique de la chaine des
Andes entre le 16 deg. et le 55 deg. degre de latitude sud," _Ann. des
mines_, ser. 7, vol. iii. (Mem.), 1873, pp. 402-426, pils. ix., x.;
R.A. Philippi, _Die tertiaeren und quartaeren Versteinerungen Chiles_
(Leipzig, 1887), (includes also descriptions of some Cretaceous
fossils), and _Los Fosiles secondarios de Chile_ (Santiago, 1899);
Karl Burckhardt, "Profils geologiques transversaux de la Cordillere
argentino-chilienne. Stratigraphie et tectonique," _Anales Mus. La
Plata_, 1900, and "Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Jura- und
Kreide-formation der Cordillere," _Palaeontographica_, vol. 1.
(1903-1904) pp. 1-144, pls. i.-xvi.; see also a series of papers on
South American geology by G. Steinmann and his collaborators in
_Neues Jahrb, fuer Min._ Beil.-band viii. et seq.

[2] _Notes of a Naturalist in South America_, p. 134.

[3] Also classified as _Nothofagus_ (Mirb.).

[4] A. Gallenga, _South America_ (London, 1880), p. 181.

[5] The expenditures of 1902 are also given as 25,882,702 pesos gold,
and 108,844,693 pesos currency.

CHILEAN CIVIL WAR (1891). The Chilean civil war grew out of political
dissensions between the president of Chile, J.M. Balmaceda, and his
congress (see CHILE: _History_), and began in January 1891. On the 6th,
at Valparaiso, the political leaders of the Congressional party went on
board the ironclad "Blanco Encalada," and Captain Jorje Montt of that
vessel hoisted a broad pennant as commodore of the Congressional fleet.
Preparations had long been made for the naval _pronunciamento_, and in
the end but few vessels of the Chilean navy adhered to the cause of the
"dictator" Balmaceda. But amongst these were two new and fast torpedo
gunboats, "Almirante Condell" and "Almirante Lynch," and in European
dockyards (incomplete) lay the most powerful vessel of the navy, the
"Arturo Prat," and two fast cruisers. If these were secured by the
Balmacedists the naval supremacy of the congress would be ser