ry in the First Twelve Centuries of Christianity
Sec. 4. The Mediaeval Prohibition of Usury
Sec. 5. Extrinsic Titles
Sec. 6. Other Cases in which more than the Loan could be repaid
Sec. 7. The Justice of Unearned Income
Sec. 8. Rent Charges
Sec. 9. Partnership
Sec. 10. Concluding Remarks on Usury
SECTION 3. THE MACHINERY OF EXCHANGE

CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION

INDEX

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTORY

SECTION 1.--AIM AND SCOPE OF THE ESSAY

It is the aim of this essay to examine and present in as concise a
form as possible the principles and rules which guided and regulated
men in their economic and social relations during the period known as
the Middle Ages. The failure of the teaching of the so-called orthodox
or classical political economists to bring peace and security to
society has caused those interested in social and economic problems to
inquire with ever-increasing anxiety into the economic teaching which
the orthodox economy replaced; and this inquiry has revealed that each
system of economic thought that has from time to time been accepted
can be properly understood only by a knowledge of the earlier system
out of which it grew. A process of historical inquiry of this kind
leads one ultimately to the Middle Ages, and it is certainly not too
much to say that no study of modern European economic thought can be
complete or satisfactory unless it is based upon a knowledge of the
economic teaching which was accepted in mediaeval Europe. Therefore,
while many will deny that the economic teaching of that period is
deserving of approval, or that it is capable of being applied to the
conditions of the present day, none will deny that it is worthy of
careful and impartial investigation.

There is thus a demand for information upon the subject dealt with in
this essay. On the other hand, the supply of such information in the
English language is extremely limited. The books, such as Ingram's
_History of Political Economy_ and Haney's _History of Economic
Thought_, which deal with the whole of economic history, necessarily
devote but a few pages to the Middle Ages. Ashley's _Economic History_
contains two excellent chapters dealing with the Canonist teaching;
but, while these chapters contain a mass of most valuable information
on particular branches of the mediaeval doctrines, they do not perhaps
sufficiently indicate the relation between them, nor do they la