account for 48% of GDP, industry 34%,
agriculture 4%, and public administration 13%. Most raw materials needed
by industry and over 75% of energy requirements must be imported. The
economic recovery that began in mid-1983 has continued through 1990, with
the economy growing at an annual average rate of 3%. For the 1990s, Italy
faces the problems of refurbishing a tottering communications system,
curbing pollution in major industrial centers, and adjusting to the new
competitive forces accompanying the ongoing economic integration of the
European Community.

_#_GDP: $844.7 billion, per capita $14,600; real growth rate 2.0%
(1990)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: 11.0% (1990 est.)

_#_Budget: revenues $355 billion; expenditures $448 billion,
including capital expenditures of $NA (1989)

_#_Exports: $170.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities--textiles, wearing apparel, metals, transportation
equipment, chemicals;

partners--EC 57%, US 8%, OPEC 4%

_#_Imports: $182.0 billion (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities--petroleum, industrial machinery, chemicals, metals,
food, agricultural products;

partners--EC 58%, OPEC 6%, US 5%

_#_External debt: NA

_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 0.1% (1990); accounts for
almost 35% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 56,800,000 kW capacity; 225,000 million kWh produced,
3,900 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing,
textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics

_#_Agriculture: accounts for about 4% of GDP and 10% of the
work force; self-sufficient in foods other than meat and dairy products;
principal crops--fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets,
soybeans, grain, olives; fish catch of 388,200 metric tons in 1988

_#_Economic aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $25.9
billion

_#_Currency: Italian lira (plural--lire); 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100
centesimi

_#_Exchange rates: Italian lire (Lit) per US$1--1,134.4 (January
1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987),
1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications
_#_Railroads: 20,011 km total; 16,066 km 1.435-meter government-owned
standard gauge (8,999 km electrified); 3,945 km privately owned--2,100 km
1.435-meter standard gauge (1,155 km electrified) and 1,845 km
0.950-meter narrow gauge (380 km electrified)