g bare-root trees regardless of
the time of the year they should be rather severely cut back immediately
after transplanting to prevent such drying out and dying back of the
wood. Cut-back trees generally will make more growth the first season
following transplanting than will similar trees not cut back.

One of the most common types of injury to young nut trees as well as
others is that known as "sun scald" or "winter injury". This occurs
generally on the south or southwest sides of the trunk and for some
distance between the ground and the head of the tree. Usually the injury
is not evident until a year or so after it occurred and then it may be
observed as a narrow strip of discolored and sunken bark which may crack
where it meets the live tissue. This dead or injured area is usually
invaded by borers of one or more kinds. This so-called sun scald injury
is thought to be caused by the alternate freezing and thawing of the
tissues on the south and southwest sides of the tree. On a bright,
sunshiny day, even though cold, the sun's rays striking the bark of the
tree quickly raise the temperature of the bark and wood. When the sun is
obscured by clouds or at nightfall the temperature of the tissues drops
rapidly and they may freeze again. It is thought that the rapid and
rather great change in temperature of the bark and wood is the primary
cause of sun scald. Whatever the cause, we know that it can be prevented
by shading the tree trunk. This can be done by heading the trees low so
that the branches shade the trunk, or by shading the south side of the
trunk with a board 6 or 8 inches wide, or by wrapping the trunk with
burlap or similar material. Much of the injury to Chinese chestnut,
pecan, and hickory trees, especially, is caused by inexperienced growers
who cut off the low branches in an effort to raise the head of young
trees. The Chinese chestnut generally forms a very low-headed or
bush-type tree. Most of the cold or winter injury I have seen on Chinese
chestnut trees has been on the trunks and has resulted from removing the
lower limbs so that they were not shaded.

Hardiness in woody plants is only a relative term and is determined by
the condition of the plant at the time the low temperature occurs. Woody
plants are most tender when they are most actively growing and most
resistant to cold injury when they are in deep or profound rest. Strong,
vigorous, well-nourished trees are much more resistant to cold inju