erable number of slave women from distant islands may have been
added to the group by purchase from the Moro.[77]

[77] According to early writers, the Moro of the Gulf carried on a
lucrative slave trade with this and other tribes. As the Moro raids were
made by water and often reached as far as the Northeastern coast of this
island and south to the Celebes it is quite possible that these remote
districts have helped in the upbuilding of the tribe under discussion.

The religious beliefs have many points in common with those of the
neighboring tribes, but there are some which require special notice.

Two powerful beings, TimanEm and his wife Diwata[78] are above all other
spirits.

[78] The Padada people say the term _diwata_ is a name which may be
applied to the _timanEm_, of whom there are two, a male and a female.

Mandalangan, also called Siling or Manobo Siring, is much like the
Bagobo divinity of similar name. He is fond of war and bloodshed and
when there has been a great slaughter he feasts on the flesh and drinks
of the blood of the slain. Only warriors can address him and make the
offerings of red food which he demands. Once a year, usually after the
rice harvest and when the moon is full, a raid must be made and victims
slain so that this spirit can feast.[79] If the Warriors fail to render
him this service Mandalangan will cause their bodies to swell up and
many will die, while sickness will visit all other members of the
tribe.[80]

[79] Data Bongkalasan says it was formerly the custom to make a foray at
each full moon.

[80] This was the reason given for the raid on the coast plantations in
1911.

The many spirits who inhabit rocks and large trees are generally
favorable to man and are collectively known as _magintalonan_.

Tama owns the deer and wild pigs, and no one hunts or traps in the
forest until he has made an offering of betel nut to this spirit. When
game is secured its tail and ears are strung on rattan and are hung in a
tree, in exchange for the live animal.

The _maniokan_, generally evil spirits, resemble snakes, and like them
live in the ground. People are frequently made lame by simply stepping
over their homes.

Each man and woman has a spirit, _kalaloa_,[81] dwelling in his body
during lifetime. At death this spirit goes into the sky, unless it
deserves punishment, in which case it is hurried to Kilot, a region
below. In either place these spirits keep close watch over the liv